Japanese grammar · ≈ JLPT N2 · Intermediate 3
〜にもかかわらず~ni mo kakawarazu
despite; contrary to expectation
「〜にもかかわらず」 acknowledges a fact, then presents a result contrary to expectation in a formal tone.
How it works
Heavy snow usually makes us expect delays, yet they arrive on time. This pattern highlights a result contrary to expectations.
Use the plain form of verbs and い-adjectives, as in 「限られていた」 and 「寒い」.
Use 「である」 with な-adjectives. Nouns can connect directly or take 「である」.
The first half acknowledges a fact; the second gives an unexpected result. It does not deny the situation in the first half.
Its meaning is close to 「のに」, but its tone is more formal. It often appears in written explanations or objective reports.
In the example, limited study time is an obstacle, and passing is the unexpected result. She did not pass because she had little study time.
Example sentences
- 大雪ooyukiにniもmoかかわらず、kakawarazu、多くookuのno受験生jukenseiがga時間jikanどおりdooriにni会場
In a conversation
Check yourself
Level 1 · Recognise
Which sentence is correct?
Level 1 · Recognise
Listen and choose the meaning
Level 2 · Build
Put the words in order
Despite the heavy snow, many examinees arrived at the venue on time.
Level 3 · Use
What goes in the blank?
大雪____、多くの受験生が時間どおりに会場に到着しました。
Despite the heavy snow, many examinees arrived at the venue on time.
More grammar in this theme
- 〜にもかかわらずdespite; contrary to expectation