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Intermediate 3

Goal: Express opinions on social and specialized topics and communicate in more depth.

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DOPA
MODE

Richness and Beauty of Japanese Expression

Travel Information and Trip Sharing

Trends and Everyday Topics

School Systems and Educational Experiences

Science, Technology, and Society

Grammar in this course

Richness and Beauty of Japanese Expression

〜がたい≈N2 · subjectively hard to do

〜のように≈N4 · like; in the manner of

〜とともに≈N2 · along with; as … changes

〜をもとに（して）・〜をもとにした≈N2 · based on; using as a basis

〜でしょう？≈N3 · seeking agreement

〜っけ≈N3 · recalling and checking

〜というわけだ≈N2 · that explains why

〜っこない≈N2 · absolutely impossible

〜もん・〜んだもん≈N3 · emotional reason or plea

〜ほど・〜くらい・〜ぐらい≈N3 · degree shown by an example

〜ところだった≈N3 · something almost happened

〜てたまらない≈N2 · overwhelmingly intense feeling

〜というわけではない≈N2 · that does not mean

〜くらい・〜ぐらい≈N3 · degree shown by a situation

Travel Information and Trip Sharing

〜といったら≈N2 · typical association with a topic

とても〜ない≈N3 · cannot possibly do

〜はもちろん・〜はもとより≈N3 · not only; but also

〜させていただきます≈N3 · humbly do with permission

ご〜いたします・お〜いたします≈N4 · humbly provide a service

〜つもりだ≈N3 · intend to; believe one did

〜ように思う≈N3 · seem; I think

〜ております≈N3 · formal humble action or state

〜かねます≈N2 · cannot accommodate a request

〜ことに（は）≈N2 · to one’s surprise; interestingly

〜だけあって・〜だけのことはある≈N2 · as expected; worth it

〜ついでに≈N3 · while at it; taking the opportunity

Trends and Everyday Topics

〜とともに≈N3 · together with

〜しかない≈N3 · have no choice but to

〜ずにはいられない≈N3 · can't help doing

〜一方で≈N3 · while also showing another side

〜させられる≈N4 · be prompted to feel or think

〜のみならず≈N2 · not only, but also

〜と同時に≈N3 · at the same time; while also

〜によって・〜により・〜による≈N3 · by means of; due to

〜だけに≈N2 · precisely because

〜としても≈N2 · even if; supposing that

〜に先立って・〜に先立ち≈N2 · before; prior to an event

どちらかというと〜・どちらかといえば〜≈N3 · if I had to choose; rather

School Systems and Educational Experiences

〜ものだ・〜もんだ≈N3 · as things usually are

〜にかけては≈N2 · when it comes to; strong at

〜はともかく≈N2 · set aside and focus

〜ないことはない・〜ないこともない≈N3 · qualified yes; not impossible

〜も〜ば、〜も≈N3 · listing different situations

〜にわたって／〜にわたり／〜にわたる≈N2 · span a period, area, or occasions

〜きる・〜きれる≈N3 · finish completely; be able to finish

〜にもかかわらず≈N2 · despite; contrary to expectation

〜からいうと・〜からいって・〜からいえば≈N2 · judging from; from a perspective

〜となると・〜となれば・〜となったら≈N1 · when facing a situation

〜次第だ・〜次第で≈N2 · depends on; depending on

〜ぬく≈N2 · persevere to the end

〜つつ≈N2 · while doing; simultaneous actions

Science, Technology, and Society

〜といえば≈N3 · speaking of; typical association

〜というと≈N3 · topic association

〜べきだ／〜べきではない≈N3 · should / should not

〜ほど〜はない≈N3 · nothing is as … as

〜（より）ほかない／〜（より）ほかしかたがない≈N2 · have no other choice

〜（っ）きり／〜（っ）きりだ≈N2 · unchanged since then

〜最中に≈N3 · right in the middle of

〜かけだ／〜かけの／〜かける≈N3 · started but unfinished

〜ざるを得ない≈N2 · have no choice but to

〜を契機に≈N2 · as a trigger for change

〜をめぐって≈N2 · concerning an issue

〜上の≈N2 · related to an aspect

〜上≈N2 · from a certain perspective